Application of 5 Mental Powers of Buddhism in Learning Development for Grade 12 of Demonstration School of Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University in 21st Century Learning

Abstract

21st century learning emphasizes critical thinking, analysis, and inspiring students to seek knowledge for problem-solving and teamwork according to Thailand 4.0 education policy. This aligns with Buddhist epistemology which aims to develop wisdom (Paññā) through practice or Bhāvanāmayapaññā, representing the highest level of wisdom beyond wisdom from listening and reading (Sutamayapaññā) as basic level, and wisdom from analytical thinking (Cintāmayapaññā) as intermediate level. The development of wisdom must occur alongside the development of faith (Saddhā), effort (Viriya), mindfulness (Sati), and concentration (Samādhi) according to the Five Mental Powers principle to achieve positive results. Currently, students face problems in: 1) analytical thinking processes, 2) mindfulness in learning, 3) deep understanding of their own roles, 4) self-regulation, and 5) faith and goals to integrate educational learning outcomes. Recommendations for applying the Five Mental Powers in developing learning management include: 1) Faith (Saddhā): Select/develop learning media to build deep faith in learning leading to self-regulation ability; 2) Effort (Viriya): Develop tools and learning procedures leading to mindfulness and concentration, perseverance in seeking knowledge through both deductive and inductive methods; 3) Mindfulness (Sati): Set, supervise, and review learning outcomes by students to develop mindfulness and self-awareness through meaningful critical thinking; 4) Concentration (Samādhi): Create dialogue and conversation between teachers and students promoting learning that emphasizes communication skills, helps students avoid distraction, maintain focused attention during learning, promotes learning inspiration, and uses questioning approaches that stimulate thinking processes and knowledge connection; 5) Wisdom (Paññā): Provide authentic experiences for students leading to learning from practice in real situations, which is wisdom at a higher level.